一 ：新建django的配置
准备工作，先在数据库中创建一个库，并指定utf8编码
| 1 | CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS student default character set utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci; |
在项目下的settings.py配置文件下配置数据库
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | DATABASES = { 'default' : { 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.mysql' , 'NAME' : 'student' , 'USER' : 'root' , 'PASSWORD' : '123123' , 'HOST' : '192.168.244.10' , 'PORT' : '3306' , }<br>} |
__init__.py文件的配置
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb() #打开数据库链接 db = pymysql.connect( "192.168.244.10" , "root" , "123123" , "student" ) #使用cursor()方法获取游标 cursor = db.cursor() cursor.execute( "SELECT VERSION()" ) data = cursor.fetchone() print ( "Database version : %s" % data) db.close() |
测试一下和数据库的连通性
| 1 | python manage.py runserver <br>完了以后先退出终端，先不启动 |
***************************************
二 .创建一个应用，并激活
| 1 | python manage.py startapp myApp |
创建项目后在settings.py文件中添加项目
激活其实就是这一步的添加过程
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin' , 'django.contrib.auth' , 'django.contrib.contenttypes' , 'django.contrib.sessions' , 'django.contrib.messages' , 'django.contrib.staticfiles' , 'myApp' |
在模板中定义和数据表相对应的类
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | class Grades(models.Model): gname = models.CharField(max_length = 20 ) gdate = models.DateField() ggirlnum = models.IntegerField() gboynum = models.IntegerField() isDelete = models.BooleanField(default = False ) def __str__( self ): return "%s-%d-%d" % ( self .gname, self .ggirlnum, self .gboynum) class Student(models.Model): sname = models.CharField(max_length = 20 ) sgender = models.BooleanField(default = True ) sage = models.IntegerField() scontend = models.CharField(max_length = 20 ) isDelete = models.BooleanField(default = False ) sgrade = models.ForeignKey( "Grades" ,on_delete = models.CASCADE) |
在数据库中生成数据表：
要在数据库中生成数据，先要生成一个迁移文件，并执行迁移文件
创建上面的应用myApp后，会在myApp下生成migrations目录
| 1 | python manage.py makemigrations<br><br><br>python manage.py migrate |
三 ：在终端测试模板和数据库交互的情况（创建数据）
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | 进入django的shell环境 E:\老男孩课程\tudent>python manage.py shell ########################################### >>> from myApp.models import Grades,Student >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> from datetime import * |
| 1 | from myApp.models import Grades,Student |
| 1 | from django.utils import timezone |
| 1 | from datetime import * |
| 1 2 3 4 5 | <br> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 通过模型类查看数据 >>> Grades.objects. all () |
| 1 | Grades.objects. all () |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | <br> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 添加一条数据的本质 本质：创建一个模型类的对象 >>> grade1 = Grades() >>> grade1.gname = "python04" >>> grade1.gdate = datetime(year = 2017 ,month = 11 ,day = 17 ) >>> grade1.ggirlnum = 3 >>> grade1.gboynum = 70 >>> grade1.save()<br><br> |
| 1 | grade1 = Grades() |
| 1 | grade1.gname = "python04" |
| 1 | grade1.gdate = datetime(year = 2017 ,month = 11 ,day = 17 ) |
| 1 | grade1.ggirlnum = 3 |
| 1 | grade1.gboynum = 70 |
| 1 | grade1.save() |
| 1 | <br><br> |
| 1 | <br><br> |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>>> grade2 = Grades()>>> grade2.gname = "python05">>>>>>>>> grade2.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=30)>>> grade2.ggirlnum = 8>>> grage2.gboynum = 66>>> grade2.gboynum = 72>>> grade2.save()grade2 = Grades()
grade2.gname = "python05"
grade2.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=30)
grade2.ggirlnum = 8
grade2.gboynum = 66
grade2.gboynum = 72
grade2.save()
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
四 ：在shell环境查看生成的表数据（包括修改和删除数据）
退出重新进一次shell环境
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | quit() python manage.py shell #并重新导入三个库 >>> from myApp.models import Grades,Student >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> from datetime import * 通过模型类查看数据 >>> Grades.objects. all ()<br><br>查看单个表中的数据 |
>>> Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
<Grades: python04-3-70>>>> Grades.objects.get(pk=2)<Grades: python05-8-72>
修改单个表中的数据
语法：模型对象.gboynum=值
>>> grade2.gboynum = 50
>>> grade2.save()
删除单个表中的数据（物理删除）
语法：模型对象.delete()
>>> grade2.delete()
(1, {'myApp.Student': 0, 'myApp.Grades': 1})
获得关联对象的集合
先创建两个学生表
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | >>> grade1 = Grades.objects.get(pk = 1 ) >>> stu1 = Student() >>> stu1.sname = "王福田" >>> stu1.sgender = False >>> stu1.sage = 25 <br> #如下，指点班级列等于另外一个表的对象，就会自动关联 >>> stu1.sgrade = grade1 >>> stu1.save() |
| 1 | grade1 = Grades.objects.get(pk = 1 ) |
| 1 | stu1 = Student() |
| 1 | stu1.sname = "王福田" |
| 1 | stu1.sgender = False |
| 1 | stu1.sage = 25 |
| 1 | stu1.sgrade = grade1 |
| 1 | stu1.save()<br> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | <br> >>> stu2 = Student() >>> stu2.sname = "张宝来" >>> stu2.sgender = False >>> stu2.sage = 30 >>> stu2.sgrade = grade1 >>> stu2.save()<br><br> |
| 1 | stu2 = Student() |
| 1 | stu2.sname = "张宝来" |
| 1 | stu2.sgender = False |
| 1 | stu2.sage = 30 |
| 1 | stu2.sgrade = grade1 |
| 1 | stu2.save()<br> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| 1 | <br><br><br>查看班级有哪些学生：<br>因为没有重写类的 return ,所以返回的不是数据<br>另外,_set. all 是django自带的一个方法，虽然我没有定义，但是也可以使用 |
>>> grade1.student_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Student: Student object (1)>, <Student: Student object (2)>]>>>>
一条命令创建学生并关联主键
不用save，直接存入数据库
| 1 | >>> stu3 = grade1.student_set.create(sname = u 'zhangsan' ,scontend = u 'my name is zhangsan' ,sage = 45 ) |
在maApp文件夹下的models.py文件中编写一个函数，用于返回数据值
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | class Grades(models.Model): gname = models.CharField(max_length = 20 ) gdate = models.DateField() ggirlnum = models.IntegerField() gboynum = models.IntegerField() isDelete = models.BooleanField(default = False ) def __str__( self ): return "%s-%d-%d" % ( self .gname, self .ggirlnum, self .gboynum) |
五 .启动服务器
| 1 2 3 | python manage.py runserver ip:port 如果是本机可以不写，默认是本机ip，端口是 8000 python manage.py runserver |
五. 站点管理
在另外一个终端，创建超用户
| 1 | python manage.py createsuperuser<br><br> |
在setting.py文件中修改字符集和时间
| 1 2 3 | LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' |
管理数据表
在admin.py文件中对表进行注册
注册以后刷新http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/页面，会出现已经注册上的表
| 1 2 3 4 5 | from .models import Grades,Student #注册 admin.site.register(Grades) admin.site.register(Student) |
5.1 站点自定义管理
在应用的admin.py文件中定义
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | from .models import Grades,Student class GradesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): #列表页属性 list_display = [ 'gname' , 'gdate' , 'ggirlnum' , 'gboynum' , 'isDelete' ] # list_filter = ['gname'] # search_fields = [] # list_per_page = [] |
class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): list_display = ['sname','sgender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend'] list_per_page = 2
#添加，修改列表也属性 #可以规定先后顺寻, #这两个属性不能同时使用 # fields =['ggirlnum','gboynum','gdate','isDelete'] # fieldsets = [ # ("num",{"fields":['ggirlnum','gboynum']}), # ("base",{"fields":['gname','gdate','isDelete']}) # ] | 1 | admin.site.register(Grades,GradesAdmin) #要点，这个后面怎加了GradesAdmin，否则上面的属性不会用到 admin.site.register(Student)<br><br> |
admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)
5.2 小需求练习
在原来的admin.py配置文件中加入StudentInfo类，并在GradeAdmin类中加入inlines属性
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | class StudentInfo(admin.TabularInline): #使用模板中的哪个类 model = Student #自动添加几个 extra = 2 class GradesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): inlines = [StudentInfo] #列表页属性 list_display = [ 'gname' , 'gdate' , 'ggirlnum' , 'gboynum' , 'isDelete' ] #过滤条件 list_filter = [ 'gname' ] #搜索字段 search_fields = [ 'gname' ] #分页 # list_per_page = 2 |
5.3布尔值的显示问题
男女显示的问题
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 | class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): def gender( self ): if self .sgender: return "男" else : return "女" <br> |
#设置页面列的名称 gender.short_description = "性别"
| 1 | list_display = [ 'pk' , 'sname' , 'gender' , 'sage' , 'sgrade' , 'isDelete' , 'scontend' ] list_per_page = 10 |
5.4执行动作的位置问题（action的问题）
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): # def gender(self): # if self.sgender: # return "男" # else: # return "女" #设置页面列的名称 # gender.short_description = "性别" #就是设置action的布尔值 actions_on_bottom = True actions_on_top = False list_display = [ 'pk' , 'sname' , 'gender' , 'sage' , 'sgrade' , 'isDelete' , 'scontend' ] list_per_page = 10 admin.site.register(Grades,GradesAdmin) admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin) |
5.5使用装饰器完成注册
| 1 | 以后都用装饰器来完成注册<br><br><br>@admin.register(Student) |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): # def gender(self): # if self.sgender: # return "男" # else: # return "女" #设置页面列的名称 # gender.short_description = "性别" #就是设置action的布尔值 actions_on_bottom = True actions_on_top = False list_display = [ 'pk' , 'sname' , 'gender' , 'sage' , 'sgrade' , 'isDelete' , 'scontend' ] list_per_page = 10 <br><br>把调用注释掉 |
| 1 | #admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin) |
六，视图
视图其实就是一个函数，在创建的app中的vews.py文件中添加
| 1 2 3 4 5 | from django.shortcuts import render from django.http import HttpResponse # Create your views here. def index(request): return HttpResponse( "sunck is a good man" ) |
按照django架构，http请求过来是先找url，url在找视图，所以我们这里先配置url控制器
urls.py文件默认在项目student目录下，除此之外，我们需要在新建的应用myApp目录中也建一个urls.py文件，所以总共加起来有两个urls.py文件
这里我们先配置默认已经存在的urls.py文件
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | from django.contrib import admin from django.conf.urls import include,url urlpatterns = [ url(r 'admin/' , admin.site.urls), url(r '^' ,include( 'myApp.urls' )), ] |
接下来修改刚创建的myApp文件下的urls.py文件
| 1 2 3 4 5 | from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ url (r '^$' , views.index) ] |
七，模板
模板是html页面
根据视图中传递过来啦的数据，进行填充
7.1创建模板目录
在templates目录下创建目录，templates和myApp,student,manage,py都是同级的
在templates目录下创建对应的应用的目录
7.2配置模板路径
在settings.py文件
其中basedir指的就是myApp,student,manage,py这几个所在的文件夹的目录
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND' : 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates' , 'DIRS' : [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates' )] , 'APP_DIRS' : True , 'OPTIONS' : { 'context_processors' : [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug' , 'django.template.context_processors.request' , 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth' , 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages' , ], }, }, ] |
7.3小需求练习，我要展示http://172.0.0.1:8000/grade
先定义模板，我的html长什么样
在templates下的myApp下新建一个html文件
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang = "en" > <head> <meta charset = "UTF-8" > <title>班级< / title> < / head> <body> <h1> { % for grade in grades % } <li> <a href = "#" >{ { grade.gname }}< / a> < / li> { % endfor % } < / h1> < / body> < / html> |
7.3.1模板语法；
语法1：{
{输出值，可以是变量，也可以是对象.属性}}语法2：{%代码段%}
7.3.2, 定义视图
视图从模板中取数据
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | from django.shortcuts import render from django.http import HttpResponse # Create your views here. def index(request): return HttpResponse( "sunck is a good man" ) from .models import Grades def grades(request): #去模板里取数据 gradesList = Grades.objects. all () #将数据传递给模板，模板再渲染页面，将渲染好的页面返回给浏览器,下面字典里的grades就是html中的变量 return render(request, 'myApp/grades.html' ,{ "grades" :gradesList}) |
7.3.3 设置url,
浏览器通过url来找视图
因为上面最外层的url已经包含了应用层的url,所以直接在最里面的urls.py文件中配置视图
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ url (r '^$' , views.index), #如果没有视图，则要导入 url(r '^grades/$' ,views.grades) ] |
7.4 小需求，在原来的基础上，展示班级下面的所有学生
定义视图
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | from .models import Student def students(request): studentsList = Student.objects. all () return render(request, 'myApp/student.html' ,{ "students" :studentsList}) def gradesStudents(request,num): #获得对应的班级对象 grade = Grades.objects.get(pk = num) #获得班级下的所有学生 studentsList = grade.student_set. all () return render(request, 'myApp/student.html' ,{ "students" :studentsList}) |
添加url
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ url (r '^$' , views.index), #如果没有视图，则要导入 url(r '^grades/$' ,views.grades), url(r 'students/$' ,views.students), url(r '^grades/(\d+)$' ,views.gradesStudents) ] |
创建学生的模板
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang = "en" > <head> <meta charset = "UTF-8" > <title>学生信息< / title> < / head> <body> <h1> <ul> { % for student in students % } <li> { { student.sname }} - - { { students.scontend }} < / li> { % endfor % } < / ul> < / h1> < / body> < / html> |
同时修改班级的模板
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang = "en" > <head> <meta charset = "UTF-8" > <title>班级< / title> < / head> <body> <h1> { % for grade in grades % } <li> <a href = "{ { grade.id }}" >{ { grade.gname }}< / a> < / li> { % endfor % } < / h1> < / body> < / html> |
八：移动数据库以后，删除迁移文件，在生成一次迁移文件，再执行
ll
九。补充，ORM映射关系
O:模型 R:映射 M:数据库
十.模型类，属性，表，字段的关系
一个模型类在数据库中对应一张表，模型类的属性在与之对应的表中对应一个字段
模型类中的属性
学习链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34493908/article/details/80388041
十一，创建模型管理器
先修改模型类
修改了模型类
再准备数据，重新迁移一次数据
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 | insert into grades(gname,gdate,ggirlnum,gboynum,isDelete) values( "python01" , "2018-2-3" , 22 , 34 , 0 ), ( "python02" , "2018-2-2" , 27 , 34 , 0 ), ( "python03" , "2018-2-30" , 22 , 34 , 0 ), ( "python04" , "2018-2-30" , 22 , 34 , 0 ); - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - insert into student(sname,sgender,scontend,isDelete,sgrade_id,sage,lastTime,creatTime) values( "薛延美" , 1 , "薛延美" , 0 , 4 , 20 , "2018-2-3" , "2018-2-3" ), ( "王占山" , 1 , "我叫网站山" , 0 , 4 , 20 , "2018-2-3" , "2018-2-3" ), ( "李婷" , 1 , "我叫李婷" , 0 , 4 , 20 , "2018-2-3" , "2018-2-3" ), ( "赵本山" , 1 , "我叫赵本山" , 0 , 4 , 20 , "2018-2-3" , "2018-2-3" ), ( "刘大河" , 1 , "我叫刘大河" , 0 , 4 , 20 , "2018-2-3" , "2018-2-3" ), ( "刘德华" , 1 , "我叫刘德华" , 0 , 4 , 20 , "2018-2-3" , "2018-2-3" ); |